SOUTH BEND, INDIANA—According to a statement released by the University of Notre Dame, researchers led by physicist Khachatur Manukyan have analyzed some 600 money notes printed during the British American colonial period over a span of about 80 years. Some of the notes in the study were printed by Benjamin Franklin, who produced some 2,500,000 notes for the monetary system. Manukyan explained that Franklin and his network of printers employed security features in genuine notes to distinguish them from counterfeits, but the ledger recording the details of his methods had been lost. Employing high-tech spectroscopic and imaging instruments, Manukyan and his colleagues determined that counterfeit notes contained high levels of calciSOUTH BEND, INDIANA—According to a statement released by the University of Notre Dame, researchers led by physicist Khachatur Manukyan have analyzed some 600 money notes printed during the British American colonial period over a span of about 80 years. Some of the notes in the study were printed by Benjamin Franklin, who produced some 2,500,000 notes for the monetary system. Manukyan explained that Franklin and his network of printers employed security features in genuine notes to distinguish them from counterfeits, but the ledger recording the details of his methods had been lost. Employing high-tech spectroscopic and imaging instruments, Manukyan and his colleagues determined that counterfeit notes contained high levels of calcium and phosphorus, while genuine bills carry only traces of these elements. They also found that Franklin also used a special black dye made from graphite, instead of lamp black, which is made by burning vegetable oils, or bone black, made from burned bone. Franklin’s notes were also found to contain fibers of colored silks—a practice thought to have been introduced to the monetary system in the nineteenth century. The translucent mineral muscovite, when added to the paper, also made Franklin’s notes more durable and harder to counterfeit, Manukyan concludedum and phosphorus, while genuine bills carry only traces of these elements. They also found that Franklin also used a special black dye made from graphite, instead of lamp black, which is made by burning vegetable oils, or bone black, made from burned bone. Franklin’s notes were also found to contain fibers of colored silks—a practice thought to have been introduced to the monetary system in the nineteenth century. The translucent mineral muscovite, when added to the paper, also made Franklin’s notes more durable and harder to counterfeit, Manukyan concluded
News
The Search for the Last Common Ancestor of Humans and Apes
NEW YORK, NEW YORK—Paleoanthropologist Christopher Gilbert of Hunter College and Thomas Cody Prang of Washington University in St. Louis are attempting to determine what the last common ancestor (LCA) of humans and apes might have looked like, according to a Live Science report. The LCA lived between five and 23 million years ago. Fossils from this period are rare, however, and they include species of early apes in a wide range of sizes. A better understanding of these species and their evolutionary relationships could help scientists understand the size of the LCA, Gilbert said. The evidence does suggest that the LCA walked heel-first on four legs, and was capable of climbing. Prang explained that the upper limbs were probably large and heavy with short hind limbs. He added that the LCA’s brain size was smaller than that of a human, while the head would have had a more forward position for walking on all fours, like a gorilla or a chimpanzee. Meanwhile, its fingers may have been long and curved, similar to those of Ardipithecus, a fossil hominin that lived some 4.4 million years ago. “The LCA was neither a gorilla nor a chimpanzee, but it was likely most similar to gorillas and chimpanzees among all known primates,” Prang said. New fossils are needed to fill in the picture, Gilbert concluded.
Switzerland Repatriates Sculpture Fragment to Egypt
BERN, SWITZERLAND—Ahram Online reports that a fragment of a 3,400-year-old statue was repatriated to Egypt in a ceremony at the Egyptian embassy in Bern. The fragment is part of a larger sculpture at the site of Abydos depicting the pharaoh Ramesses II (reigned ca. 1279–1213 B.C.) with Egyptian deities. The artifact, which was stolen sometime between the late 1980s and early 1990s, was recovered in Geneva during a criminal investigation, according to Carine Bachmann of Switzerland’s Federal Office of Culture. The officials noted that the restitution of the sculpture fragment underlines the joint commitment of Switzerland and Egypt to combat the illicit trade in cultural property
2,500-Year-Old Tombs Discovered in Negev Desert
TEL AVIV, ISRAEL—Live Science reports that at least 50 skeletons were found in two square-shaped tombs positioned on an ancient crossroads in southern Israel’s Negev Desert during an investigation conducted ahead of the construction of a water pipeline. The skeletal remains are thought to be about 2,500 years old, and may have been deposited in the tombs over a long period of time, since some of them appear to have been moved. “These kinds of tombs have never been discovered in the region until now and they are not associated with any kind of settlement,” said research team member Tali Erickson-Gini of the Israel Antiquities Authority. Artifacts in the tomb have been traced to the southern Levant, southern Arabia, and Egypt, and have been dated from the seventh century to the fifth century B.C. Many of these objects, such as copper-alloy and iron jewelry, ceramic vases, amulets, and Cypraea shells from the Red Sea, are usually associated with women. Ancient texts, including Minaean inscriptions from Yemen, have recorded the practice in this region of trafficking women for ritual prostitution. The researchers think these women may have been purchased in Gaza or Egypt and perhaps died on the trip to Arabia, where they would have been sold as brides or sacred prostitutes
Monday, July 10, 2023
Rare are and valuable petroglyph of two thousand years old Iranian soldier given to the Islamic government
The Chargé d’Affaires of the Islamic Government Embassy in London announced that the statue of the ancient soldier of Iran was officially handed over to them on June 23rd, 2023.
After the revolution, the rare petroglyph was stolen from the Museum of Ancient Iran. However, it was later discovered and confiscated in the United Kingdom in December 2014. However, the officials of the cultural heritage of the Iran Islamic government have never commented on the loss or rather removal of this rare artifact from Iran.
Not long ago, John Simpson, a well-known British archaeologist, who has been aware of the discovery by the British officials said that this valuable petroglyph (the price of which is estimated at £30 million) was taken out of Iran and was severely damaged during the transfer in other countries.
Pasargad Heritage Foundation hopes that this rare Iranian historical petroglyph will be placed in a museum in Iran and where Iranian people can see it. It is our hope that this artifact will not be kept in the warehouse of a museum ‘ as until now, the people of Iran, who are the real owners of historical heritage, have no knowledge of the fate of thousands of historical artifacts which have disappeared.
From:savepasargad.com
International Day for the Elimination of Sexual Violence in Conflict, 19 June
Sexual harassment and gender-based hate speech
Every new wave of conflict brings with it a rising tide of human tragedy, including new waves of war’s oldest, most silenced, and least condemned crime – sexual violence. Conflict-related sexual violence, whether against women, girls, men, or boys in all their diversity, continues to be used as a tactic of war, torture, and terrorism amid deepening political and security crises, compounded by militarization and the illicit proliferation of arms.
New crises have multiplied as entrenched conflicts have deepened, resulting in shrinking civic space and rising reprisals against human rights defenders, activists, and journalists.
Sexual harassment and gender-based hate speech have surged in the digital space. While the use of information and communications technology has contributed to the empowerment of women and girls and other groups in vulnerable situations, its use has also enabled the propagation of violence.
In some settings, disturbing trends of gender-based hate speech and incitement to violence fuelled conflict in which rape and other forms of sexual violence are used to humiliate and destabilize targeted communities. Hate speech – including online – has become one of the most common ways of spreading divisive rhetoric on a global scale.
We must confront bigotry by working to tackle the hate that spreads like wildfire across the internet.”
António Guterres
Background
On 19 June 2015, the United Nations General Assembly (A/RES/69/293) proclaimed 19 June of each year the International Day for the Elimination of Sexual Violence in Conflict, in order to raise awareness of the need to put an end to conflict-related sexual violence, to honour the victims
Sexual harassment and gender-based hate speech
Every new wave of conflict brings with it a rising tide of human tragedy, including new waves of war’s oldest, most silenced, and least condemned crime – sexual violence. Conflict-related sexual violence, whether against women, girls, men, or boys in all their diversity, continues to be used as a tactic of war, torture, and terrorism amid deepening political and security crises, compounded by militarization and the illicit proliferation of arms.
New crises have multiplied as entrenched conflicts have deepened, resulting in shrinking civic space and rising reprisals against human rights defenders, activists, and journalists.
Sexual harassment and gender-based hate speech have surged in the digital space. While the use of information and communications technology has contributed to the empowerment of women and girls and other groups in vulnerable situations, its use has also enabled the propagation of violence.
In some settings, disturbing trends of gender-based hate speech and incitement to violence fuelled conflict in which rape and other forms of sexual violence are used to humiliate and destabilize targeted communities. Hate speech – including online – has become one of the most common ways of spreading divisive rhetoric on a global scale.
We must confront bigotry by working to tackle the hate that spreads like wildfire across the internet.”
António Guterres
Background
On 19 June 2015, the United Nations General Assembly (A/RES/69/293) proclaimed 19 June of each year the International Day for the Elimination of Sexual Violence in Conflict, in order to raise awareness of the need to put an end to conflict-related sexual violence, to honour the victims and survivors of sexual violence around the world and to pay tribute to all those who have courageously devoted their lives to and lost their lives in standing up for the eradication of these crimes.
The date was chosen to commemorate the adoption on 19 June 2008 of Security Council resolution 1820 (2008), in which the Council condemned sexual violence as a tactic of war and an impediment to peacebuilding.
In response to the rise in violent extremism, the Security Council adopted resolution S/RES/2331 (2016), the first to address the nexus between trafficking, sexual violence, terrorism and transnational organized crime. Acknowledging sexual violence as a tactic of terrorism, it further affirmed that victims of trafficking and sexual violence committed by terrorist groups should be eligible for official redress as victims of terrorism.
and survivors of sexual violence around the world and to pay tribute to all those who have courageously devoted their lives to and lost their lives in standing up for the eradication of these crimes.
The date was chosen to commemorate the adoption on 19 June 2008 of Security Council resolution 1820 (2008), in which the Council condemned sexual violence as a tactic of war and an impediment to peacebuilding.
In response to the rise in violent extremism, the Security Council adopted resolution S/RES/2331 (2016), the first to address the nexus between trafficking, sexual violence, terrorism and transnational organized crime. Acknowledging sexual violence as a tactic of terrorism, it further affirmed that victims of trafficking and sexual violence committed by terrorist groups should be eligible for official redress as victims of terrorism.
Marble Statue of Pan Unearthed in Istanbul
ISTANBUL, TURKEY—According to a Live Science report, a badly damaged marble figure of Pan, the ancient Greek god of the wilds, woods, fields, shepherds, and flocks, has been discovered at the site of St. Polyeuctus, an early Christian church in what was the city of Constantinople. The statue’s surviving head, torso, and an arm measure less than one foot long and show Pan playing a reed pipe. The sculpture was likely transferred to the site with backfill from another location in the city in the 1960s after an archaeological investigation, explained Mahir Polat of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. He added that the figure is thought to have been sculpted during the Roman period and brought to Constantinople between the fourth and sixth centuries A.D. as an historical work of art for display in a public place or a palace.
Tutankhamun may have died in drink-driving crash, bold new theory claims
Key clues to the cause of Tutankhamun’s death may have been overlooked, an Egyptologist has controversially claimed.
While research over the last two decades found that the Egyptian King loved wine and potentially died following a chariot crash, a contentious new theory suggests that joining these pieces of evidence brings us closer to the truth.
Biomedical Egyptologist Sofia Aziz proposes that it was a wine-induced high-speed chariot crash that led to Tutankhamun’s infected open wound. That’s right, a drink-driving accident.
How sceptical should you be? Well, it is true that a major 2010 study concluded the pharaoh likely died from an open wound (combined with a weakened immune response due to malaria). However, the same research also suggested Tutankhamun had a clubbed foot that left him struggling to walk, let alone ride a chariot.
However, Aziz suggests that scientists have been wrong to profile the king as an invalid.
“He was like a typical teenager, drinking and probably driving the chariot too fast,” Aziz told BBC Science Focus during the Cheltenham Science Festival.
Much attention has been given to the variety of foods interred with King Tut, which were embalmed with resin to preserve them. “But people don’t think about the wine,” said Aziz. “In their tombs, the Ancient Egyptians would take the things that they wanted in the afterlife.”
According to Aziz, the majority of the king’s stash was dry white wine, suggesting that he showed a strong preference. He also had six chariots interred with him in his tomb.
“This new theory says that he’s more of a warrior king – that he did ride chariots,” added Aziz, pointing to how Tutankhamun’s tomb contained a breastplate and other armour.
Aziz argues that the fact most present-day road accidents involve teenagers is likely to have been the case back when humans were driving chariots, too. The 19-year-old’s leg would have hit the ‘dashboard’ of the chariot during the crash, causing the fracture described in autopsy reports and an open wound.
Did Beringians Rely on Fishing During Period of Climate Change?
FAIRBANKS, ALASKA—Phys.org reports that University of Alaska scientists have analyzed data from eight archaeological sites in western Alaska where fish bones dated to at least 7,000 years ago were identified. Seven of these sites had fish bones dated to the colder, drier, Younger Dryas period, from about 12,900 to 11,650 years ago. This change in weather is thought to have contributed to the extinction of North American species of horses, camels, giant sloths, saber-toothed cats, dire wolves, short-faced bears, and woolly mammoth, and the reduction of bison, deer, caribou, and moose herds. All of the sites in the study are located in the middle of the Tanana River basin, in what was the eastern section of Beringia—the land bridge that once connected Siberia and North America. The more than 1,000 fish specimens were all found to be ray-finned fishes, including salmon, burbot, whitefish, and northern pike. All of the fish remains dated to more than 11,800 years ago were also found to be freshwater fish. The study suggests that Beringians may have switched to fishing in response to the disappearance of game, and returned to hunting as the Younger Dryas period ended. Read the original scholarly article about this research in Science Advances.
3,000-year-old Peruvian mummy found under trash dump may have been left as a sacrifice
Archaeologists and students from San Marcos University discovered the mummy earlier this week.
Foto: REUTERS/Anthony Marina
An ancient mummy was found under a trash dump in Lima, Peru.
Archaeologists told BBC News they had to remove over 15,000 pounds of trash to access the site.
Researchers believe the mummy is 3,000 years old and was likely a sacrifice.
Archaeologists in Lima, Peru, made an astonishing discovery under thousands of pounds of trash — a 3,000-year-old mummy that was likely a sacrifice.
The specimen was uncovered this week by archaeologists and San Marcos University students, according to Reuters. They first spotted it thanks to its exposed hair and skull.
But before examining the ancient mummy, over 15,000 pounds of trash had to be removed from the site, BBC News reported. From there, other items buried at the site — such as corn, coca leaves, and seeds — were also recovered, Reuters reported.
