Dr. Kaveh Farrokh

The article “Archaeological survey sheds new light on Sassanid era fortress” was published in the Tehran Times on September 21, 2022. The version printed further below has been edited from its original in the Tehran Times. Excepting one image, none of the other images and accompanying descriptions printed below, appear in the original Tehran Times report.

Note that the article below alludes the Oltan fortress as Sassanian in origin, however its foundations were most possibly built during the earlier Parthian era.

For further information on Sassanian military architecture see:

• • Farrokh, K., Karamian, Gh. & Karamian, H. (2021). Military Architecture and the Four-Spāhbed System for Defense of the Sassanian Empire (224-651 CE). HISTORIA I ŚWIAT: ACTA MILITARIA IRANICA, 10, pp.117-151.

• • Military History and Armies of the Sassanians

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A team of Iranian archaeologists has recently finished an archaeological season on the Sassanian-era (224–651 CE) Oltan Fortress in Ardabil province, ISNA reported on Wednesday. The new archaeo-geophysical studies with magnetometric methods have led to novel discoveries, said Kurosh Mohammdkhani, who presides over the project. As a result of this method, as well as the aerial photographs taken by a drone from 95 meters above the ground of the castle and its surroundings, digital maps of the terrain will be prepared, he added.

A view of the standing structures of Oltan Fortress (Image Source: Ezzat). Note the openings in the corner tower which were most likely used as slits for firing arrows, with the smaller slits towards the top of the structure possibly used as observation ports.

There can be no doubt that this castle was an important defensive structure in northwest Iran during the Sassanian era, but its studies and excavations have largely been neglected until this day, he mentioned. The fortress has been inscribed on the national heritage list. From ancient to modern times, defensive walls have often been necessary for cities to survive in an ever-changing world of invasion and conquest. Fortresses were designed primarily to defend territories in warfare and were also used to solidify rule in a region during peacetime.

An excellent view of the Sassanian-built wall of Derbent, located in the modern city of Derbent in Daghestan and the Caspian Sea (Source: Сулим Кудусов in Public Domain).

Uruk in ancient Sumer (Mesopotamia) is one of the world’s oldest known walled cities. The Ancient Egyptians also built fortresses on the frontiers of the Nile Valley to protect against invaders from neighboring territories. Many of the fortifications of the ancient world were built with mud brick, often leaving them no more than mounds of dirt for today’s archaeologists.

An archeologist engaged in data collection at the site of Oltan castle (Source: Tehran Times).

Sprawling on a high, windswept plateau, Ardabil is well-known for having lush natural beauties, hospitable people, and its silk and carpet trade tradition. It is also home to the UNESCO-registered Sheikh Safi al-Din Khanegah and the Shrine Ensemble. The province is very cold in winter and mild in summer, attracting thousands every year. The capital city of Ardabil is usually recorded as one of the coldest cities in the country in winter.

A splendid view of the defensive wall of the Oltan fortress (Image Source: Tishineh).

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Dubai: Egyptian archaeologists have uncovered a remarkably preserved funerary complex dating to the Late and Greco-Roman periods at the Tell Athar Quesna necropolis in Menoufia Governorate, revealing hundreds of burial artefacts, imported pottery and evidence of ancient trade links across the Mediterranean. 

The excavation provides archaeologists with fresh evidence to reconstruct the religious, cultural and economic life of communities that lived in the Nile Delta more than 2,000 years ago.

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The discovery was made by an Egyptian mission from the Supreme Council of Antiquities during ongoing excavations at the site, one of the most important non-royal cemeteries in the central Delta. 

According to Egypt’s Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, the excavation uncovered a complete funerary unit centred on a main hall connected to several vaulted burial chambers, where archaeologists found human burials in Osirian positions, alongside an extensive collection of objects associated with funerary rituals.

Among the most significant finds were 560 faience ushabti figurines in their traditional Osirian form, many inscribed with passages from the Book of the Dead, one of ancient Egypt’s most important religious texts relating to the afterlife. 

For the first time in about 220 years, the west façade of the Parthenon in Greece can be see in its fullest possible form. External scaffolding has now been permanently removed from the monument, marking a key step in its long restoration.

Greece is marking a major milestone with the completion of work to reveal the western pediment of the Parthenon. For the first time in more than two centuries, the country’s most famous monument is now definitively free of its external scaffolding.

The restoration of the orthostates of the tympanum constituted one of the most complex interventions of recent years for the Acropolis Monuments Restoration Service (YSMA).

According to Greece’s culture ministry, the project required highly specialised technical solutions and absolute precision at every stage of the process, from working the new marble to lifting it into place and installing it on the monument.

The large orthostate of the west pediment was restored to its original geometry by bonding the surviving ancient fragments and supplementing them with new marble, while the second was made entirely from new marble. For the final placement of the blocks, a new functional scaffolding system was installed, meeting the strictest modern safety standards and being aesthetically adapted to the monument.

https://www.euronews.com/